Ubuntu18.04 Server版安装及使用(图文)
1系统安装操作步骤
OSVersion:1804
镜像下载:http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/releases/
1.1选择安装语言:
1.2安装界面选择第一项进行系统安装
1.3选择安装过程中使用的语言,也是系统安装完后使用的默认语言
1.4选择地区,这里先选择最后一项other,然后回车再选择Asia,最后选择China
1.5选择语言环境
1.6键盘布局检查,选择NO
1.7选择美式键盘
1.8确认使用美式键盘
1.9配置主机名
1.10创建一个普通用户和为其设置密码
1.11确认时区
1.12选择磁盘分区的方法,这里选手动分区
1.13选择磁盘
1.14确认对磁盘分区
1.15对磁盘分区
1.16创建新分区
1.17指定分区大小,这里将磁盘的全部大小划分给该分区
1.18选择分区类型,这里选主分区
1.19分区完成
1.20完成分区并写入数据
1.21确认写入磁盘
1.22是否使用代理,这里不填
1.23是否自动更新,这里选择默认,不自动更新
1.24选择安装组件,选择对应需要安装的组件,然后按空格键,这里选择OpenSSHServer
1.25将GRUB引导加载程序安装到主引导记录
1.26完成安装,确认重启服务器
1.27登录系统
2系统基础配置
官方文档:https://help.ubuntu.com/
2.1更改主机名
#cat/etc/hostname hechunping
2.2更改网卡名称为eth*
#sed-i'/GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=/s/"$/net.ifnames=0biosdevname=0"/'/etc/default/grub #update-grub Sourcingfile`/etc/default/grub' Generatinggrubconfigurationfile... Foundlinuximage:/boot/vmlinuz-4.15.0-55-generic Foundinitrdimage:/boot/initrd.img-4.15.0-55-generic done #reboot #sed-i's/ens33/eth0/'/etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml
2.3配置root远程登录
#默认情况下,ubuntu不允许root⽤⼾远程ssh,如果有实际场景需要允许root⽤⼾远程ssh,则需要设置root密码,并且编辑/etc/ssh/sshd_config⽂件修改如下: ~$sudovim/etc/ssh/sshd_config 32#PermitRootLoginprohibit-password#默认为禁⽌登录 33PermitRootLoginyes#改为允许登录 57#PasswordAuthenticationyes 58PasswordAuthenticationyes#打开密码认证,其实默认就是允许通过密码认证登录 ~$sudosu-root#切换到root⽤⼾环境 ~#passwd#设置密码 EnternewUNIXpassword: RetypenewUNIXpassword: passwd:passwordupdatedsuccessfully ~#systemctlrestartsshd#重启ssh服务并测试root⽤⼾远程ssh连接
2.4网络配置
官方文档:https://netplan.io/ Ubuntu从17.10开始,已放弃在/etc/network/interfaces⾥固定IP的配置,⽽是改成netplan⽅式,配置⽂件是:/etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml #ubuntu17.04及之前的静态IP配置⽅式: ~#cat/etc/network/interfaces root@hechunping:~#cat/etc/network/interfaces #interfaces(5)fileusedbyifup(8)andifdown(8) autolo ifaceloinetloopback autoeth0#⽹卡⾃启动,写⾃⼰要配置IP的实际⽹卡名称 ifaceeth0inetstatic#配置静态IP,写⾃⼰要配置IP的实际⽹卡名称 address172.18.3.12#IP地址 netmask255.255.0.0#掩码 gateway172.18.0.1#⽹关 dns-nameservers223.6.6.6#DNS dns-nameservers223.5.5.5 #重启⽹络服务 ~#/etc/init.d/networkingrestart ~#systemctlrestartnetworking.service
2.4.1单网卡静态IP地址
root@hechunping:~#cat/etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml #Thisfiledescribesthenetworkinterfacesavailableonyoursystem #Formoreinformation,seenetplan(5). network: version:2 renderer:networkd ethernets: eth0: dhcp4:no addresses:[192.168.7.132/24] gateway4:192.168.7.2 nameservers: addresses:[223.6.6.6] root@hechunping:~#netplanapply
2.4.2配置多网卡静态IP
#cat/etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml #Thisfiledescribesthenetworkinterfacesavailableonyoursystem #Formoreinformation,seenetplan(5). network: version:2 renderer:networkd ethernets: eth0: dhcp4:no addresses:[172.20.7.34/16] gateway4:172.20.0.1 nameservers: addresses:[223.6.6.6] eth1: dhcp4:no addresses:[192.168.7.34/24] routes: -to:172.20.0.0/16 via:192.168.7.2 #netplanapply
2.4.3单网卡桥接
#cat/etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml #Thisfiledescribesthenetworkinterfacesavailableonyoursystem #Formoreinformation,seenetplan(5). network: version:2 renderer:networkd ethernets: eth0: dhcp4:no bridges: br0: dhcp4:no addresses:[172.20.7.34/16] gateway4:172.20.0.1 nameservers: addresses:[223.6.6.6] interfaces: -eth0 #netplanapply
2.4.4多网卡桥接
将br0和br1分别桥接到eth0和eth1。 #cat/etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml #Thisfiledescribesthenetworkinterfacesavailableonyoursystem #Formoreinformation,seenetplan(5). network: version:2 renderer:networkd ethernets: eth0: dhcp4:no eth1: dhcp4:no bridges: br0: dhcp4:no addresses:[172.20.7.34/16] gateway4:172.20.0.1 nameservers: addresses:[223.6.6.6] interfaces: -eth0 br1: dhcp4:no addresses:[192.168.7.34/24] routes: -to:172.20.0.0/16 via:192.168.7.2 interfaces: -eth1 root@hechunping:~#netplanapply
2.4.5双网卡绑定
需要提前安装好bridge命令,两块网卡使用同一种网络模式 #cat/etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml #Thisfiledescribesthenetworkinterfacesavailableonyoursystem #Formoreinformation,seenetplan(5). network: version:2 renderer:networkd ethernets: eth0: dhcp4:no eth1: dhcp4:no bonds: bond0: interfaces: -eth0 -eth1 addresses:[172.20.7.34/16] gateway4:172.20.0.1 nameservers: addresses:[223.6.6.6,223.5.5.5] parameters: mode:active-backup mii-monitor-interval:100 #poweroff #netplanapply
2.4.6双网卡绑定+桥接
⽹卡绑定⽤于提供⽹卡接⼝冗余以及⾼可⽤和端⼝聚合功能,桥接⽹卡再给需要桥接设备的服务使⽤。 #cat/etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml #Thisfiledescribesthenetworkinterfacesavailableonyoursystem #Formoreinformation,seenetplan(5). network: version:2 renderer:networkd ethernets: eth0: dhcp4:no eth1: dhcp4:no bonds: bond0: interfaces: -eth0 -eth1 parameters: mode:active-backup mii-monitor-interval:100 bridges: br0: dhcp4:no addresses:[172.20.7.34/16] gateway4:172.20.0.1 nameservers: addresses:[223.6.6.6,223.5.5.5] interfaces: -bond0 #netplanapply
2.4.7内外多网卡绑定
多⽹络情况下实现⽹卡绑定。这里使用桥接(eth0,eth1)和NAT(eth2,eth3)两种网络模式 #cat/etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml #Thisfiledescribesthenetworkinterfacesavailableonyoursystem #Formoreinformation,seenetplan(5). network: version:2 renderer:networkd ethernets: eth0: dhcp4:no eth1: dhcp4:no eth2: dhcp4:no eth3: dhcp4:no bonds: bond0: interfaces: -eth0 -eth1 addresses:[172.20.7.34/16] gateway4:172.20.0.1 nameservers: addresses:[223.6.6.6,223.5.5.5] parameters: mode:active-backup mii-monitor-interval:100 bond1: interfaces: -eth2 -eth3 addresses:[192.168.7.34/24] parameters: mode:active-backup mii-monitor-interval:100 routes: -to:172.20.0.0/16 via:192.168.7.2 #netplanapply
2.4.8内外多网卡绑定+桥接
#cat/etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml #Thisfiledescribesthenetworkinterfacesavailableonyoursystem #Formoreinformation,seenetplan(5). network: version:2 renderer:networkd ethernets: eth0: dhcp4:no eth1: dhcp4:no eth2: dhcp4:no eth3: dhcp4:no bonds: bond0: interfaces: -eth0 -eth1 parameters: mode:active-backup mii-monitor-interval:100 bond1: interfaces: -eth2 -eth3 parameters: mode:active-backup mii-monitor-interval:100 bridges: br0: dhcp4:no addresses:[172.20.7.34/16] gateway4:172.20.0.1 nameservers: addresses:[223.6.6.6,223.5.5.5] interfaces: -bond0 br1: dhcp4:no addresses:[192.168.7.34/24] routes: -to:172.20.0.0/16 via:192.168.7.2 interfaces: -bond1 #netplanapply
3软件包管理
3.1修改软件仓库地址
阿⾥云仓库地址:https://developer.aliyun.com/mirror 中科⼤:http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/help/ubuntu.html 清华⼤学:https://mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/help/ubuntu/ 华为:https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/ ######清华源配置###### Ubuntu的软件源配置文件是/etc/apt/sources.list。将系统自带的该文件做个备份,将该文件替换为下面内容,即可使用TUNA的软件源镜像。 #cd/etc/apt/ #cp-psources.listsources.list.bak #vimsources.list #默认注释了源码镜像以提高aptupdate速度,如有需要可自行取消注释 debhttps://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/bionicmainrestricteduniversemultiverse #deb-srchttps://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/bionicmainrestricteduniversemultiverse debhttps://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/bionic-updatesmainrestricteduniversemultiverse #deb-srchttps://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/bionic-updatesmainrestricteduniversemultiverse debhttps://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/bionic-backportsmainrestricteduniversemultiverse #deb-srchttps://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/bionic-backportsmainrestricteduniversemultiverse debhttps://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/bionic-securitymainrestricteduniversemultiverse #deb-srchttps://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/bionic-securitymainrestricteduniversemultiverse #预发布软件源,不建议启用 #debhttps://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/bionic-proposedmainrestricteduniversemultiverse #deb-srchttps://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/bionic-proposedmainrestricteduniversemultiverse #aptupdate#更新本地软件包列表索引,修改了apt仓库后必须执⾏ ######阿里源配置###### #sed-i's/cn.archive.ubuntu/mirrors.aliyun/'/etc/apt/sources.list #aptupdate#更新本地软件包列表索引,修改了apt仓库后必须执⾏
3.2apt工具使用
aptlist#apt列出仓库软件包,等于yumlist aptsearchNAME#搜索安装包 aptshowapache2#查看某个安装包的详细信息 aptinstallapache2#在线安装软件包 aptremoveapache2#卸载单个软件包但是保留配置⽂件 aptautoremoveapache2#删除安装包并解决依赖关系 aptupdate#更新本地软件包列表索引,修改了apt仓库后必须执⾏ aptpurgeapache2#卸载单个软件包删除配置⽂件 aptupgrade#升级所有已安装且可升级到新版本的软件包 aptfull-upgrade#升级整个系统,必要时可以移除旧软件包。 aptedit-sources#编辑source源⽂件 apt-cachemadisonnginx#查看仓库中软件包有哪些版本可以安装 aptinstallnginx=1.14.0-0ubuntu1.6#安装软件包的时候指定安装具体的版本
3.3dpkg安装包管理
rpm:RPM(RedHatPackageManager),是基于Redhat的LinuxDistribution的包管理系统,同时也指rpm包本⾝,RPM⽤于rpm包的管理(诸如安装、卸载、升级等) "dpkg"是"DebianPackager"的简写,为"Debian"专⻔开发的套件管理系统,⽅便软件的安装、更新及移除。所有源⾃“Debian”的“Linux”发⾏版都使⽤“dpkg”,例如“Ubuntu”、“Knoppix”等。 dpkg-igitlab-ce_11.9.8-ce.0_amd64.deb#安装某个软件包 dpkg-rgitlab-ce#删除某个软件包保留配置⽂件 dpkg-r-Pgitlab-ce#删除某个软件包不保留配置⽂件 dpkg-Igitlab-ce_11.9.8-ce.0_amd64.deb#查看软件包信息 dpkg-cgitlab-ce_11.9.8-ce.0_amd64.deb#查看软件包内的⽂件及⽬录内容 dpkg-l#列出本机已经安装的所有软件
3.4设置oracleJDK环境
#pwd /usr/local/src 解压⼆进制⽂件并设置软连接: #tarxfjdk-8u212-linux-x64.tar.gz #ln-sv/usr/local/src/jdk1.8.0_212/usr/local/jdk 配置环境变量: #vim/etc/profile exportJAVA_HOME=/usr/local/jdk exportPATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:$JAVA_HOME/jre/bin:$PATH exportCLASSPATH=.$CLASSPATH:$JAVA_HOME/lib:$JAVA_HOME/jre/lib:$JAVA_HOME/lib/tools.jar 重新导⼊环境变量并验证: #source/etc/profile #java-version javaversion"1.8.0_212" Java(TM)SERuntimeEnvironment(build1.8.0_212-b10) JavaHotSpot(TM)64-BitServerVM(build25.212-b10,mixedmode)
3.5安装OpenJDK
#aptinstallopenjdk-8-jdk
3.6安装常⽤系统命令
#aptpurgeufwlxdlxd-clientlxcfslxc-common #aptinstalliproute2ntpdatetcpdumptelnettraceroutenfs-kernel-servernfs-commonlrzsztreeopenssllibssl-devlibpcre3libpcre3-devzlib1g-devntpdatetcpdumptelnettraceroutegccopenssh-serverlrzsztreeopenssllibssl-devlibpcre3libpcre3-devzlib1g-devntpdatetcpdumptelnettracerouteiotopunzipzip
3.7系统资源限制优化
#cat/etc/security/limits.conf #root账⼾的资源软限制和硬限制 rootsoftcoreunlimited roothardcoreunlimited rootsoftnproc1000000 roothardnproc1000000 rootsoftnofile1000000 roothardnofile1000000 rootsoftmemlock32000 roothardmemlock32000 rootsoftmsgqueue8192000 roothardmsgqueue8192000 #其他账⼾的资源软限制和硬限制 *softcoreunlimited *hardcoreunlimited *softnproc1000000 *hardnproc1000000 *softnofile1000000 *hardnofile1000000 *softmemlock32000 *hardmemlock32000 *softmsgqueue8192000 *hardmsgqueue8192000
3.8e内核参数优化
#Controlssourcerouteverification net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter=1 net.ipv4.ip_nonlocal_bind=1 net.ipv4.ip_forward=1 #Donotacceptsourcerouting net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route=0 #ControlstheSystemRequestdebuggingfunctionalityofthekernel kernel.sysrq=0 #ControlswhethercoredumpswillappendthePIDtothecorefilename. #Usefulfordebuggingmulti-threadedapplications. kernel.core_uses_pid=1 #ControlstheuseofTCPsyncookies net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies=1 #Disablenetfilteronbridges. net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables=0 net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables=0 net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-arptables=0 #Controlsthedefaultmaxmimumsizeofamesagequeue kernel.msgmnb=65536 ##Controlsthemaximumsizeofamessage,inbytes kernel.msgmax=65536 #Controlsthemaximumsharedsegmentsize,inbytes kernel.shmmax=68719476736 ##Controlsthemaximumnumberofsharedmemorysegments,inpages kernel.shmall=4294967296 #TCPkernelparamater net.ipv4.tcp_mem=78643210485761572864 net.ipv4.tcp_rmem=4096873804194304 net.ipv4.tcp_wmem=4096163844194304 net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling=1 net.ipv4.tcp_sack=1 #socketbuffer net.core.wmem_default=8388608 net.core.rmem_default=8388608 net.core.rmem_max=16777216 net.core.wmem_max=16777216 net.core.netdev_max_backlog=262144 net.core.somaxconn=20480 net.core.optmem_max=81920 #TCPconn net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog=262144 net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries=3 net.ipv4.tcp_retries1=3 net.ipv4.tcp_retries2=15 #tcpconnreuse net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps=0 net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse=0 net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle=0 net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout=1 net.ipv4.tcp_max_tw_buckets=20000 net.ipv4.tcp_max_orphans=3276800 net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries=1 net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies=1 #keepaliveconn net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time=300 net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_intvl=30 net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_probes=3 net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range=1000165000 #swap vm.overcommit_memory=0 vm.swappiness=10 #net.ipv4.conf.eth1.rp_filter=0 #net.ipv4.conf.lo.arp_ignore=1 #net.ipv4.conf.lo.arp_announce=2 #net.ipv4.conf.all.arp_ignore=1 #net.ipv4.conf.all.arp_announce=2
以上就是本文的全部内容,希望对大家的学习有所帮助,也希望大家多多支持毛票票。
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